The research explores whether the scales of natural disasters in Taiwan are distributed in terms of a power law, and if they are, explains why. A power law is defined as an inverse relationship between ranks and scales of objects under consideration. Mathematically, this relationship can be depicted as R(x)=ax-b, where x denotes scales in terms of people killed and wounded resulting from disasters; R(x) denotes ranks with one as the largest scale; a symbolizes a constant; and b is an exponential component.  Empirical findings showed that the scales of the natural disasters in Taiwan over the past 100 years indeed follow a power law distribution. Under the observation that the distribution of scales of natural disasters fits a power law, we investigate further its implications and explore possible policies that could change the slope and position of the power law, in order to mitigate disastrous damages. We further suggest that increasing disaster mitigation costs for a certain type of disasters while maintaining the total cost of disaster mitigation will not reduce the disastrous loss and that the government should increase disaster mitigation costs for all types of disasters. The research verifies the universality and invariability of power law in the case of scales of natural disasters. The results could provide insights into disaster mitigation policies.

Deng, W.X.., Wu, C.X., Guo, B.Y., and Wu, H.S., 2005, “An Exploration into Classification of Disaster Scales and Response Strategies”, Taipei: Committee of Disaster Prevention of Executive Yuan.

Godschalk, D., Timothy, B., P. Berke, Brower, D. J., and Kaiser, E. J., 1999, “Natural Hazard Mitigation: Recasting Disaster Policy and Planning”, Washington, D. C,: Island Press.

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Lee, J.Y., 2001, A study of disastrous communication strategies of the central government in great disastrous events: a case of the 921 earthquake news reports, Unpublished Master Thesis, National Taiwan Normal University.

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Yu, J.L., Lai, S.K., 2003, “How increasing returns mechanisms form settlement systems: the computer experiments method”, Journal of Architecture and Planning, 4(2): 160-177.

The past researches were found many different types of networks of high tech industries which gathered in growing place; however, only few studies kept their eyes on the importance of the innovative production networks of conventional industries. The aim of this research was investigated and analyzed the process of innovation forwards innovative production networks of conventional industries that could be based on the policies to redevelop traditional industries. Furthermore, this research analyzed innovative production networks by different developing paths through traditional industries which owned higher intensive knowledge of ChangHua County. In addition to, the study was also constructed the mode and the policy of innovative production networks of traditional industries.

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The purpose of this study was to verify the daytime residential roof greening of the cooling effect, night accumulating of heat effect, thermal conduction and time-lag effect indoors. Set in a residential area in control and experimental groups, and record the ambient temperature, control area, under test, planting mean and the second floor indoor temperature change, descriptive statistical analysis and oneway ANOVA of checks. 

  The results showed that green roofs can indeed noon time reduce the roof of the building surface temperature 10.2-14.2°C. When the maximum cooling of 20.6-26.2°C; the other oneway ANOVA to verify the cooling efficiency, the results show a different monitoring area of solar radiation cooling a significant difference. The 2nd floor indoor cooling temperature is 13.9083℃, and efficiency is the most significant.

Midnight (24:00) comparative analysis showed that green roofs it can actually improve energy saving when the building roof temperature is 1.6-2.1°C, the maximum be warmed up to 1.9-4.1°C, thus, achieving the accumulation of heat effect.. oneway ANOVA results show the effectiveness of the accumulation heat have differences, which 2nd floor indoor heat preservation 2.2464℃.

Thermal conduction studies showed the average thermal conduction Q in the test zone is 42.53W and control zone is 73.40W, green roofs can reduce the amount of heat conduction by (42%) to achieve cooling efficiency.

Time-lag effect showed that compared to the control zone, test zone at 16: 05 to16: 15 is the highest indoor temperature (average 23.98℃) in the indoor environment, green roofs can be delayed about 100 minutes, to avoid the peak hours of electricity consumption, thus, saving air conditioning power consumption.

Overall, this study was to verify the daytime residential roof greening of the cooling effect , night accumulating of heat effect, thermal conduction and time-lag effect indoors , if the building can be applied to the urban area as a green roof can reduce home power consumption ( reducing air conditioning the system uses frequency), initially estimated for energy-savings (48.8%) that economically efficient.

Chen C.C., and Lee, S.H., 2013a , “Research of residential area ecological green roof for reduce the heat efficiency in Taichung”, Applied Mechanics and Materials, 368-370(2013): 1270-1273.

Chen C.C., Lee S.H., 2013b , “Research of Artificial sites green roof for energy-saving efficiency in Taiwan Taichung”, Applied Mechanics and Materials, 368-370(2013): 1342-1345.

Chen, C.C., Li, C.C., Chen, C.L., Shi, N.H., Lee, V. Q., and Li, S.H. ,2012, “Research of green roof and facade vegetation reduce the heat efficiency(I)”, Journal of Health and Care Science, 1(2): 88-103.

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Zhang, Y.S., Lai, Y.H., and Hou, B.C. ,2009, Green roofs media relations and plants, Carbon Reduction Green Construction Methods Green Roofs and Green Walls Exchanges Discussion and Promotion Exhibition, Taipei, 17-24.

Ageneral equilibrium model proposed in Eeckhout (2004) explains Gibrat’s law in growth process and size distribution of cities.  One of the driving forces in the modelis local externality; however there is lack of further exploration of this key driving force. The purpose of this paper is to examine the feature and relation between local externality and the resulted growth process as well as size distribution; this is not discussed in Eeckhout (2004). This paper provides an extension of local externality and finds that the theory could generate proportionate growth of cities and Zipf’s law in its tail only if the size elasticity of production in local externality is a constant. This result shows the condition of the theory in explaining the empirical size distribution of cities which is not examined in Eeckhout (2004). We also finds that an increase of congestion cost will lead to more evenly distributed cities.Moreover, the theory implies that larger technologyshocks lead to larger cities when the size elasticity of production is negative; larger technologyshocks lead to bigger cities if the congesting cost dominates the net local externalities.

Behrens, K., Duranton, G., and Robert-Nicoud, F., 2014, “Productive cities: Sorting, selection, and agglomeration”, Journal of Political Economy, 122(3): 507-553.

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Housing is the most important and expensive economic goods for the individual to consume.  When the gap between house price and family income has been widened would not only increase family affordability but also influence urban development negatively.  For the reason that condominium shares the largest proportion among the patterns of community, this research uses the households living in condominiums as the research population. House price to income ratio of family surveyed in this research is used to construct family housing affordability index.  The property and level on quantile housing affordability affected from housing characteristics and neighborhood features are investigated with quantile regression model.  In this research, the ordinary least square method is applied to estimate the independent variables coefficients and the demonstrative result shows that the multicollinearity existed among independent variables and it fails to explain the variables’ heterogeneities.  Afterwards dropping variables with high value of Variance Inflation Factor and operating four inter- quantile regression equations, this research finds that the households with the highest level of housing affordability among both ends of housing affordability had better to select a house in either North District or Shang Shan District with large “dwelling area”, high “floor level”, and more “sanitary and health equipment” to live than the households with the lowest level of housing affordability selected the house with the same characteristics as the ones of the households with the highest level of housing affordability.

Anthony, J., 2003, “The effects of Florida’s growth management act on housing affordability”, Journal of the American Planning Association, 69(3): 282-295.

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Hu, C.P., 2010, “An Impact Analysis of Housing Prices from the Taiwan High Speed Rail System Opening-an Example of Hsin Chu Station”, Journal of Architecture and Planning, 11(2): 77-88.

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The purpose of this article lies living with water linking spatial planning, how to analyses the interests of water environmental in Ecoregions land use strategies, also by using hydrology toolset and explore spatial analysis, a non-parametric benchmarking technique to assess water environment from land-using point of view. This study adopted Tseng-Wen River in Tainan as the study area. The analytical results demonstrated that changing of agricultural land-using and Land for Irrigation and Drainage into others have been decreased 5,658 ha for water environment efficiency and caused loss functions of water retention. As to the space, both upstream and downstream are the most serious affected areas which indicated that hilly land development influences the water runoff. This article further uses Ecoregions infiltration basin, percolation trench, and bioretention to construct water environment system’s initial form. Those findings may serve as basis for establishing future land-use indicators and decision-making references for concerned government agencies.

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