在過去以複雜科學為基礎的都市研究上，已注意到都市空間結構的複雜性以及不同層次複雜系統的規律與其間的互動關係，如冪次定律、自我組織、小世界網絡等，本研究便聚焦於探討個體的土地開發行為到總體都市空間結構之自我組織特性，首先在個體層次的探討階段，本文將空間型態中的兩種個體（土地所有權人與開發者）進行土地交易時會有經濟財產權（economic property rights）操弄的行為模式，以經濟學中賽局的方式呈現，其次在個體與總體之間互動的探討階段，本研究嘗試以電腦模擬實驗進行分析，來觀察眾多的個體在空間中不斷互動及影響擴散的過程中，是否會產生一個趨向動態平衡的狀態。模擬結果發現空間中土地交易結束後的不同經濟財產權的釋出經個體互動後會突現一固定比例的型態，類似混沌系統的吸子，因此我們認為土地開發具有一定且獨特的自我組織特性，並進而提出都市規劃原則的建議。

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位於台江國家公園北側的七股鹽田濕地與台江國家公園整體生態系統關係密切，但鹽田自停產後分屬不同公、私部門管理，無法發揮綜合管理效果，以致濕地逐漸流失，長遠而言國家公園擴大劃入進行管理有其必要性。然而政府在推動濕地保育的過程中，常面臨權利關係人反對及民團抗爭之窘境，主政者為緩解爭議，通常以公聽會或說明會來促進溝通與理解，但多數在溝通不足或不理性抗爭的情形下破局。因此，瞭解持不同意見立場的權利關係人之決策方式及其決策背後的關係網絡，特別是所處之位置與影響力，對促成公私協力及降低溝通成本相對重要。

本研究利用社會學領域的社會網絡分析（Social Network Analysis，SNA），釐清公、私、第三部門等權利關係人之互動關係與相對影響性，且關鍵角色之存在如何影響網絡內其他角色的決策。研究發現，在諮詢及信任網絡內，公部門扮演相當重要的中介關鍵角色，位居網絡關係結構的要徑上，負責傳遞重要資訊與資源，而私部門社區層級則有地域與資訊封閉情形，致彼此關係鬆散而難跨區互動與合作。此外，在網絡中均未見單一或多結構洞型式，表示未有獨佔資訊與傳遞資源的利益中介者出現。因此，在推動國家公園擴大劃設之策略上，主政者可透過相互支援與分工，在避免外部組織介入與干擾下集中資源向社區層級的反對者來宣導政策之利弊，如此應可有效促進公私協力之信任關係及節省溝通成本，以爭取社區層級之支持及共同協力發展。

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產業群聚內持續的知識傳遞與流動，是該群聚維持長期競爭力之關鍵要素。近年來，各式衝擊頻繁發生，有關區域經濟體與產業群聚的韌性議題，受到各界關注。而這些衝擊也可能阻礙產業群聚內的知識流動，進而限制產業群聚之發展，惟過往的研究大多關注於經濟表現，鮮少關注至群聚內的知識交流如何受到衝擊影響。本研究因而採用韌性觀點，檢視產業群聚內之創新模式及鄰近性演化，建構分別由二類臨近性與二類創新模式構成的四象限分析架構，試圖檢視衝擊事件是否使創新模式與鄰近性，於四象限的分析架構中產生轉變，以補足前述之缺口。為了進一步探討其內涵並使未來之政策建言更具參酌價值，本研究運用群聚之生命週期發展概念解析群聚演化，並以新竹科學園區作為研究對象，運用2008年之全球金融海嘯與2020年之Covid-19作為探討之衝擊事件，檢視其創新模式與鄰近性內涵，比較新竹科學園區於不同生命週期的發展階段時，面臨衝擊之創新模式與鄰近性之展現差異。

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The growing population has led to increased demand for housing in Magelang City, Indonesia, especially for the low-income society. Despite the efforts of the local government to provide housing aid through vertical housing, the demand for vertical houses is still relatively low, as indicated by the low occupancy level of the currently available vertical houses. This paper applies the SEM to analyze the gap between the demand and supply of vertical housing in Magelang City, Indonesia. The data is collected using questionnaires distributed to respondents eligible for housing aid in Magelang City. The analysis is conducted using four latent variables: socioeconomic, perception, promotion, decision, and applying Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) with three additional variables on the supply side: price, facilities, and occupancy. This paper shows that from the demand side, the decision to choose a vertical house is affected mainly by the perception of the vertical house. Meanwhile, from the supply side, facilities play a crucial role in determining the occupancy level of the currently available vertical houses. These two variables explain the gap between demand and supply of vertical housing in Magelang City. The result also suggests that promotion might be a valuable tool to correct society's perception.

Anacker, K. B., 2019, “Introduction: Housing Affordability and Affordable Housing”, International Journal of Housing Policy, 19 (1): 1-16.

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