Upon Chiang Wei-shui Memorial Freeway opening to traffic, the agriculture landuse suffered substantially impacts. The change of agriculture landuse has become an issue of threating corps production and food sources beside climate change. According to the Spatial Planning Act promulgated on January 6, 2016, the guidelines of agricultural development zones emphasize the principle of agriculture production security, and the protections of producing environment and agriculture facilities. However, the farm lands and agriculture products are under the threats by the changes of both natural environment and human factors. This study compares the agriculture land changes of the recent 10 years, and uses spatial analysis technique, Kernel Density Estimation, to analyze the clustering of spatial changes. The attributes and backgrounds of these agriculture land changes are further discussed by interviewing the officers of county government and township offices. The results from our analysis indicate significant agriculture landuse changes among study area’s five townships. The causes of changes are similar, yet the developments of individual township’s spatial changes are quite different according to its local attribute.

Bivar, V., 2018, “Manufacturing A Multifunctional Countryside - Operational Landscapes, Urban Desire, and the French State, 1945–1976”, French Politics Culture & Society, 36(2): 53–76.

Chang, H.S., Chen, T.L., and Chen, P.C., 2013, “Explore the Spatial Relationship between Farmland Use Changes and Farmland Transactions”, Journal of Architecture and Planning, 14(2): 167-182.

Chang, K.L., Tsai, Y.S., Chan, T.C., Su, L.W., Chen, C.Y., Yen, C.F., Yu,P.J., Hsu, J., Tsay, W.I., and Chen, W.J., 2016, “Application of geographic information systems to the spatial distribution of illicit drug use: an analysis of the location of illicit drug seizures in a city”, Taiwan Journal of Public Health, 35(6): 671-684.

Chang, Y.H., 2015, “The Impact of Farmland Leasing on Farmland Utilization in the Agricultural Policy Changes”, Policy and Personnel Management, 6(1): 31-58.

Chen, B.L., 2016, “Waiting for Farmland Justice! Initial Research on The Challenges of Farmland Commercialization to The “Spatial Planning Act”, Taiwan Natural Science, 35(2): 14-25.

Chen, H.F., Sun, P.Y., Chou, Y.L., and Hsu, H.Y., 2014, “The Trend of Farmland Utilization in Taiwan”, Journal of the Chinese Statistical Association, 52(3): 397–420.

Chen, H.H., 2021, “The Land Use Challenge of Unregistered Factories - Examples on Agriculture Land”, Economic Outlook Bimonthly, 195: 112-118.

Chen, T.L. and Lin, T.H., 2018, “An Introduction of Spatial Acts Applying on Agricultural Development Zones's Villiage Categorizing Patterns and Land Use Management Strategies”, Land Issues Research Quarterly, 17(3): 54-64.

Chen, W.B., Lee, C.L., Chang, C.R., and Wang, C.H., 2016, “An Analysis of Agricultural Land Change Factors and Spatial Planning Policies Review for Lan-Yang Plain: The System Approach”, Journal of Taiwan Land Research, 19(2): 1-35.

Chen, Y.S., 2014, “The Issues of Farmhouses Sprawl on Agriculture Land”, http://opinion.cw.com.tw/blog/profile/52/article/1484, (December 10, 2019).

Chuang, K.C., 2019, The investigation of Agricultural land management scale in Taiwan -Declaration of Conflicting Interests of Farmland properties in the contested countryside vs. traditional agriculture countryside in the empirical analysis”, Land Economics Annual Publication, 30:1-63.

Chung, L.N., 2016, “The Loss of Agriculture Land - Who should Be Blamed”, Land Issues Research Quarterly, 15(2): 2-11.

Chung, L.N., 2019, “The Land Use Chaos of Unregistered Factories on Agriculture Land”, Land Issues Research Quarterly, 18(3): 118-129.

Curry, N. and Owen, S., 2009, “Rural Planning in England: A Critique of Current Policy”, The Town Planning Review, 80(6): 575-595.

IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), 2014, IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), Switzerland: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

Kao, Y.F., 2018, “Social Design of Shengou, Ilan Half-Farmer Half-X Development”, Leisure Study, 7(2): 1-18.

Lee, K.C., 2016, “The Satoyama Initiative and Ecological Farming from the Persepective of Landscape Scale”, Landscape News, 42: 12-18.

Liao, H.C., Liao, Z.P., and Chen, D.Y., 2015, “Spatial Data Mining on Parking Violation Cases in 1999 Citizen Hotline of Taipei City Government: Kernel Density Estimation as the Tool”, Public Administration & Policy, 61: 51-77.

Shei, S.Y., 2003, “The Role Market and Government in Allocating Farm Land Usage”, Agriculture and Economics, 31: 1-7, 9-21.

Shen, C.L. and Tai, H.S., 2021, “Farmhouse Construction Regulation in Yilan County: Multi-stakeholder Network Interaction and Analysis”, Journal of Eastern Taiwan Studies, 28: 3-36.

Wang, Y.J., Lee, C.j., and Wu, C.Y., 2015, “Comparing Attitude Towards Farmland Multiple Functions of Between Local Farmer Owing Farmland Property Inside and Outside Zone Expropriation Project Area: A Case Study of Wanbau Community”, Journal of Taiwan Land Research, 18(1): 45-81.

Wen, T.H., 2015, Spatial Analysis Methods and Applications, Taipei: Yeh Yeh Book Gallery.

Wu, Y.Y., 2016, “The Transition of Tourism and Landscape in Yilan County after the Hsueh Shan Tunnel's Opening to Traffic-the Observation of Public and Local events”, Journal of Social and Regional Development, 5(1): 22-46.

Yang, C.H., 2015, “A Policy Destined to Lose All—Farming Lands and Farmhouses”, Taiwan Architect, 489: 86-91.

In the past, walkability studies were mostly conducted by field surveys. Walk Score®, a US real estate sales website, uses geographic information system technology to build a fast and convenient walkability assessment method, and provides various environmental indicators by address query, including walking scores. The service scope of this website does not include Taiwan, and the walking scoring index focuses on commercial applications and is less related to walking environment. With reference to the walkability evaluation method of Walk Score®, this research will establish a walkability evaluation method suitable for urban streets in Taiwan. Firstly, through literature review, various factors affecting walkability are summarized as the basis of the expert questionnaire. Afterwards, the fuzzy Delphi method was used to screen indicators to determine the three evaluation aspects of "mixed land use", "accessibility of transportation facilities" and "basic walking conditions", and 11 specific scoring indicators corresponding to them. And apply the analysis network procedure method to calculate the index weight. Finally, a trial calculation of walking scores was performed on the seven sub-districts of Daan District, Taipei City. This research found that the walking score of Daan District is higher in the north and lower in the south, and the southern area of Daan District is significantly different from other areas.

Ben-Akiva, M. E., Lerman, S. R., and Lerman, S. R., 1985, Discrete choice analysis: theory and application to travel demand, USA: MIT press.

Brach, A., and Wachs, M., 2005, 1996, “Earmarking in the US Department of Transportation Research Programs”, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 39(6): 501-521.

Braza, M., Shoemaker, W., and Seeley, A., 2004, “Neighborhood design and rates of walking and biking to elementary school in 34 California communities”, American journal of health promotion, 19(2): 128-136.

Cerin, E., Sit, C. H., Cheung, M. C., Ho, S. Y., Lee, L. C. J., and Chan, W. M., 2010, “Reliable and valid NEWS for Chinese seniors: measuring perceived neighborhood attributes related to walking”, International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 7(1): 84.

Chang, H. L., & Shen, Y. C. (2005). The Study of Behavior Intention to Walk-A Case for Taipei Citizens. Journal of the Chinese Institute of Transportation, 17(3), 233-260.

Chen,Y. J. (2011). A Study of the Built Environment Planning and Design for the Pedestrian Walkability under the Transit-Oriented Development. Master's thesis, Department of Real Estate and Built Environment, National Taipei University.

Deng, Z. Y. (2005). Project Evaluation-Method and Application, Operational Planning and Management Research Center, National Taiwan Ocean University, Taipei.

Ding, C., Liu, C., Zhang, Y., Yang, J., and Wang, Y., 2017, “Investigating the impacts of built environment on vehicle miles traveled and energy consumption: Differences between commuting and non-commuting trips”, Cities, 68: 25-36.

Figueroa, M. J., Nielsen, T. A. S., and Siren, A., 2014, “Comparing urban form correlations of the travel patterns of older and younger adults”, Transport Policy, 35: 10-20.

Flyvbjerg, B., 2005, “Measuring inaccuracy in travel demand forecasting: methodological considerations regarding ramp up and sampling”, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 39(6): 522-530.

Frank, L. D., Andresen, M. A., and Schmid, T. L., 2004, “Obesity relationships with community design, physical activity, and time spent in cars”, American journal of preventive medicine, 27(2): 87-96.

Gärling, T., and Fujii, S., 2009, “Travel behavior modification: Theories, methods, and programs”, The expanding sphere of travel behaviour research, 97-128.

Handy, S., Cao, X., and Mokhtarian, P., 2005, “Correlation or causality between the built environment and travel behavior? Evidence from Northern California”, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 10(6): 427-444.

Hatamzadeh, Y., Habibian, M., and Khodaii, A., 2017, “Walking behavior across genders in school trips, a case study of Rasht, Iran”, Journal of Transport & Health, 5: 42-54.

Hildebrand, E. D., 2003, “Dimensions in elderly travel behaviour: A simplified activity-based model using lifestyle clusters”, Transportation, 30(3): 285-306.

Hjorthol, R. J., Levin, L., and Sirén, A., 2010, “Mobility in different generations of older persons: The development of daily travel in different cohorts in Denmark, Norway and Sweden”, Journal of Transport Geography, 18(5): 624-633.

Hsieh, H.S., Chuang, M.T., 2021, “Association of perceived environment walkability with purposive and discursive walking for urban design strategies”, Journal of Transport and Land Use, 14: 1099-1127.

Hu, X., Wang, J., and Wang, L., 2013, “Understanding the Travel Behavior of Elderly People in the Developing Country: A Case Study of Changchun, China”, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 96: 873-880.

Hugosson, M. B., 2005, “Quantifying uncertainties in a national forecasting model”, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 39(6): 531-547.

ITE., 2017, Trip Generation (10th Edition ed.), USA: Institute of Transportation Engineers.

Jahanshahi, K., Jin, Y., and Williams, I., 2015, “Direct and indirect influences on employed adults’ travel in the UK: New insights from the National Travel Survey data 2002–2010”, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 80: 288-306.

Jeng, T. B.(2001). Fuzzy Assessment Model for Maturity of Software Organization in Improving its Staff’s Capability. Master's thesis, Department of Information Management, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology.

Khattak, A. J., and Rodriguez, D., 2005, “Travel behavior in neo-traditional neighborhood developments: A case study in USA”, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 39(6): 481-500.

Lei, H. Y. (2015). Evaluation Indicators for Urban-Friendly Walkable Environments. Master’s thesis, Department of Horticulture, National Chiayi University.

Li, H., Raeside, R., Chen, T., and McQuaid, R. W., 2012, “Population ageing, gender and the transportation system”, Research in transportation economics, 34(1): 39-47.

Ling, R. X. (2002). Comparative Study of Urban Road Network Type Planning. Report on the Special Research Project of the National Science Committee of the Executive Yuan (Project No. NSC90-2415-H006-010), Taipei: National Science Committee of the Executive Yuan.

Lo, C. W., & Chiu, L. C., (2015). A Study on the Establishment for Green Transport Recreation Route Planning Indicators by applying Fuzzy Delphi Method and Analytic Network Process, Journal of Taiwan Land Research, 18(2): 81-108.

Lundevaller, E. H., 2009, “The effect of travel cost on frequencies of shopping and recreational trips in Sweden”, Journal of Transport Geography, 17(3): 208-215.

McKelvey, R. D., and Zavoina, W., 1975, “A statistical model for the analysis of ordinal level dependent variables”, Journal of mathematical sociology, 4(1): 103-120.

Pan, Z. M., Yao, Y. T., Chen, M., Wang, Y. L., Quan, J., Zhang, L. X., Wang, C., Qian, J. J., Long, Y., Li, L., Li S. J., (2017). Evaluation Report on Walkability of Chinese Cities-A Study on Promoting Walking Based on Street Function. Natural Resources Defense Council, & School of Architecture, Tsinghua University.

Papagiannakis, A., Baraklianos, I., and Spyridonidou, A., 2018, “Urban travel behaviour and household income in times of economic crisis: Challenges and perspectives for sustainable mobility”, Transport Policy, 65: 51-60.

Rodrı́guez, D. A., and Joo, J., 2004, “The relationship between non-motorized mode choice and the local physical environment”, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 9(2): 151-173.

Roorda, M. J., Páez, A., Morency, C., Mercado, R., and Farber, S., 2010, “Trip generation of vulnerable populations in three Canadian cities: a spatial ordered probit approach”, Transportation, 37(3): 525-548.

Scheiner, J., 2016, “School trips in Germany: Gendered escorting practices”, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 94: 76-92.

Schmöcker, J. D., Quddus, M. A., Noland, R. B., and Bell, M. G. H., 2005, “Estimating trip generation of elderly and disabled people: analysis of London data”, Transportation Research Record, 1924(1): 9-18.

Stern, S., 1993, “A disaggregate discrete choice model of transportation demand by elderly and disabled people in rural Virginia”, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 27(4): 315-327.

Su, F., and Bell, M. G. H., 2012, “Travel differences by gender for older people in London”, Research in transportation economics, 34(1): 35-38.

Tian, G., and Ewing, R., 2017, “A walk trip generation model for Portland, OR”, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 52: 340-353.

Tien, M. Y. (2009). Applying Fuzzy Delphi Method and Analytic Network Process in Selection of Wafer Probing and IC Packaging and Testing Company. Master's thesis, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology.

Tsao, C. W. (2003). A Study of Development and Application of Comprehensive Index of the Pedestrian Space. Master’s thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University.

Vold, A., 2005, “Optimal land use and transport planning for the Greater Oslo area”, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 39(6): 548-565.

Wu, N. T. (2010). A Study of the Quality of Life under Urban Built Environment ─A Case of New Taipei City. Master's thesis, Department of Real Estate and Built Environment, National Taipei University.

From the perspective of construction, scaffolding, also called scaffold or staging, is an indispensable but temporary structure used to support a work crew and materials to safety tool in construction projects. In this study, the case company, S-corporation, provides high-quality services in the scaffold rental market to assist clients in planning, designing, structural calculation, and on-site guidance of scaffolding by their engineering staff. Not only is the scaffolding product quality excellent, but also the service quality is recognized and praised by customers. However, resulting from the absence of an immediate on-site inventory confirm, the returning of scaffold, the last stage of the scaffold leasing process caused many disputes between the two parties.

To solve the disputes caused by the returning process and achieve a win-win result in both leasing and manufacturing, we propose to assist the case company in planning some solutions, which include:

1.Use “Fishbone Diagram” as a research tool for problem review, analysis and induction.

2.Applying the “Service Opportunity Matrix”, proposed by Sawhney, Balasubramanian, and Krishnan (2004), to reengineer the operation process of the scaffold leasing service for the case company and plan its new business project: “Customized Scaffold Leasing, and Services for Erecting, Disassembling, Sorting, and Returning Goods”.

3.According to the new business project of “Customized Scaffold Leasing, and Services for Erecting, Disassembling, Sorting, and Returning Goods”, we develop a plan in respective of “Service Blueprints” and supporting service marketing 3P (Process, Physical Evidence, and People) in order to formulate a service marketing strategy for the case company's future growth.

Based on the case company’s solid scaffolding technology, we hope the output of this research can make some aids in constructing a safe bastion for Taiwan’s construction industry.

Annarelli, A., Battistella, C., and Nonino F., 2016, “Product Service System: A Conceptual Framework from A Systematic Review”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 139(15): 1011-1032.

Bellini, E., Dell'Era, C., Frattini, F., and Verganti, R., 2017, “Design‐driven innovation in retailing: An empirical examination of new services in car dealership”, Creativity and Innovation Management, 26(1): 91-107.

Chae, B., 2010, “Growth of business consulting and systems integration firms through integrated IT service: a service science view”, International Journal of Services Sciences, 3(1): 40-52.

Drucker, P. F., 1974, Management: Tasks, Responsibilities, Practices, New York: Truman Talley Books/E.P. Dutton.

Fargnoli, M., Lleshaj, A., Lombardi, M., Sciarretta, N., and Di Gravio, G., 2019, “A BIM-based PSS approach for the management of maintenance operations of building equipment”, Buildings, 9(6): 139.

Feng, C., Jiang, L., Ma, R., and Bai, C., 2021, “Servitization strategy, manufacturing organizations and firm performance: a theoretical framework”, Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 36(10): 1909-1928.

Fischer, T., Gebauer, H., Gregory, M., Ren, G., and Fleisch, E., 2010, “Exploitation or exploration in service business development? Insights from a dynamic capabilities perspective”, Journal of Service Management, 21(5): 591-624.

Gebauer, H., Fischer, T., and Fleisch, E., 2009, “Management policies of Swiss product‐manufacturing companies: critical factors in international competition (Part 1)”, Business Strategy Series, 10(3): 111-120.

Gebauer, H., Krempl, R., and Fleisch, E., 2008, “Exploring the effect of cognitive biases on customer support services”, Creativity and Innovation Management, 17(1): 58-70.

He, Y., Sun, H., Lai, K. K., and Chen, Y., 2015, “Organizational empowerment and service strategy in manufacturing”, Service Business, 9(3): 445-462.

Jacobs, F. R., Chase, R. B., and Lummus, R. R., 2014, Operations and supply chain management, New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Jiayu, J., (2018), “Occupational Accident Mortality in Construction Industry Ranks the Highest in All Industries, Construction Frame Meets National Standards New System Hits the Road in 2019”, https://www.ettoday.net/news/20180721/1217548.htm#ixzz6PJEqTeNM, (June 1, 2020).

National Development Council, (2022), “Press release - The Central Government Budget Approval Situation in the Recent Government's Major Public Construction Projects”, https://www.ndc.gov.tw/cp.aspx?n=C2DBB70704AC1B43&s=7CAF28DCBAC6B498, (Feb 23, 2022).

Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Ministry of Labor, (2018), “Press release -The Steel Pipe Construction Frame Used in Construction Should Meet the National Standard, and It Will Be Fully on the Road From the Next (2019) Year”, https://www.osha.gov.tw/1106/1113/1114/22702/?cprint=pt, (June 1, 2020).

Peillon, S., Pellegrin, C., and Burlat, P., 2015, “Exploring the servitization path: a conceptual framework and a case study from the capital goods industry”, Production Planning & Control, 26(14-15): 1264-1277.

Sawhney, M., Balasubramanian, S., and Krishnan, V. V., 2003, “Creating growth with services”, MIT Sloan management review, 45(2): 34-44.

Shen, T. W., Ho, T. L., and Lee, L. C., 2020, “Development and Evaluation of Virtual Reality Induction Electricity Prevention Education and Training Tools for Construction Industry”,2020 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics - Taiwan (ICCE-Taiwan), IEEE, 1-2.

Tsaih R.H., and Hsu Y.T., 2018, “Research on construction company's strategy transformation based on BIM”, Proceedings of The 18th International Conference on Electronic Business, China, ICEB, 470-478.

Zeithaml, V. A., Bitner, M. J., and Gremler, D. D., 2018, Service Marketing- Integrating Customer Focus Across the Firm, 7^th Edition, New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

The transition from an aging society to an aged one is occurring in Macao with increasing concerns in the travel demand of seniors. The travel behavior of seniors differs significantly from those of the travelers of other ages, but the current practice of transportation planning, however, does not address the problem and mobility needs of different age groups. This paper aims to investigate the determinants of trip generation of Macao residents among the senior and non-senior groups using trip generation models. We further explore the trip generation and its determinants for the seniors at different age groups. The Household Travel Characteristic Survey data in Macao are analyzed, and an ordered probit model is applied to build trip generation models of different ages with distinct trip types. The results reveal that the determinants of resident trip generation consist of household, individual, and land use characteristics. It is found that the key determinants on the similarities and dissimilarities in the trip generation of different ages with distinct trip types are: (i) for household characteristics, compared to non-seniors, the number of senior non-working trips is not inclined to increase with owning private modes in the household; (ii) for individual characteristics, physical disability relatively has a negative impact on total trip generation for seniors; and (iii) for land use characteristics, senior working trips and non-working trips are inclined to decrease with high population density, but meanwhile, senior non-working trips is inclined to increase with highly mixed land use. The results infer that walkability should be considered as a priority in the urban design in Macao to provide a friendly walking environment to the seniors. The findings of this study could provide insights for the decision makers in formulating the urban and transportation policy for seniors in preparing for an aging society.

Ben-Akiva, M. E., Lerman, S. R., and Lerman, S. R., 1985, Discrete choice analysis: theory and application to travel demand, USA: MIT press.

Brach, A., and Wachs, M., 2005, 1996, “Earmarking in the US Department of Transportation Research Programs”, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 39(6): 501-521.

Braza, M., Shoemaker, W., and Seeley, A., 2004, “Neighborhood design and rates of walking and biking to elementary school in 34 California communities”, American journal of health promotion, 19(2): 128-136.

Census and Statistics Department Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, 2020, Hong Kong Population Projections 2020-2069, Hongkong:Census and Statistics Department Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.

Cerin, E., Sit, C. H., Cheung, M. C., Ho, S. Y., Lee, L. C. J., and Chan, W. M., 2010, “Reliable and valid NEWS for Chinese seniors: measuring perceived neighborhood attributes related to walking”, International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 7(1): 84.

Chang, H. L., 2006, The Changes of Transportation Demand Behavior for Children and Teenagers Using a Cohort Method,National Science Council Research Project Grant.

Chang, S. Y., Yang, Y. W, Cheng, C. Y., and Chen, Y. W., 2020, A Preliminary Study of Travel Behaviors of Senior Citizens, Taipei: Institute Of Transportation.

Chen, C. Y., 2001, An Activity-Based Study on the Elderly Travel Demand in Urban Area, Master’s thesis, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.

Chen, Y. Y., 2007, Analysis of Travel Characteristics andDisability in Transportation for the Elderly, Master’s thesis, Chung Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.

Cheng, H. T., 2008, A Study of the Personal, Family and Environment Factor Influencing of School Mode Choice on Student, Master’s thesis, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.

Ding, C., Liu, C., Zhang, Y., Yang, J., and Wang, Y., 2017, “Investigating the impacts of built environment on vehicle miles traveled and energy consumption: Differences between commuting and non-commuting trips”, Cities, 68: 25-36.

DSAT, 2015, 2014 Travel Characteristics Survey of Macao, Macau: Macao Transport Department.

Figueroa, M. J., Nielsen, T. A. S., and Siren, A., 2014, “Comparing urban form correlations of the travel patterns of older and younger adults”, Transport Policy, 35: 10-20.

Flyvbjerg, B., 2005, “Measuring inaccuracy in travel demand forecasting: methodological considerations regarding ramp up and sampling”, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 39(6): 522-530.

Frank, L. D., Andresen, M. A., and Schmid, T. L., 2004, “Obesity relationships with community design, physical activity, and time spent in cars”, American journal of preventive medicine, 27(2): 87-96.

Gärling, T., and Fujii, S., 2009, “Travel behavior modification: Theories, methods, and programs”, The expanding sphere of travel behaviour research, 97-128.

Handy, S., Cao, X., and Mokhtarian, P., 2005, “Correlation or causality between the built environment and travel behavior? Evidence from Northern California”, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 10(6): 427-444.

Hatamzadeh, Y., Habibian, M., and Khodaii, A., 2017, “Walking behavior across genders in school trips, a case study of Rasht, Iran”, Journal of Transport & Health, 5: 42-54.

Hildebrand, E. D., 2003, “Dimensions in elderly travel behaviour: A simplified activity-based model using lifestyle clusters”, Transportation, 30(3): 285-306.

Hjorthol, R. J., Levin, L., and Sirén, A., 2010, “Mobility in different generations of older persons: The development of daily travel in different cohorts in Denmark, Norway and Sweden”, Journal of Transport Geography, 18(5): 624-633.

Hsieh, H.S., Chuang, M.T., 2021, “Association of perceived environment walkability with purposive and discursive walking for urban design strategies”, Journal of Transport and Land Use, 14: 1099-1127.

Hsu, C. L., 2001, Traffic Quality of Elderly and Review of Traffic Facilities, Master’s thesis, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.

Hu, X., Wang, J., and Wang, L., 2013, “Understanding the Travel Behavior of Elderly People in the Developing Country: A Case Study of Changchun, China”, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 96: 873-880.

Huang, K. P., Liao, C. C., and Hong, T. Y., 2005, A System Dynamic Analysis for Different Scaled Compact Cities and Sustainable Transport System,National Science Council Research Project Grant.

Hugosson, M. B., 2005, “Quantifying uncertainties in a national forecasting model”, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 39(6): 531-547.

ITE., 2017, Trip Generation (10th Edition ed.), USA: Institute of Transportation Engineers.

Jahanshahi, K., Jin, Y., and Williams, I., 2015, “Direct and indirect influences on employed adults’ travel in the UK: New insights from the National Travel Survey data 2002–2010”, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 80: 288-306.

Khattak, A. J., and Rodriguez, D., 2005, “Travel behavior in neo-traditional neighborhood developments: A case study in USA”, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 39(6): 481-500.

Li, H., Raeside, R., Chen, T., and McQuaid, R. W., 2012, “Population ageing, gender and the transportation system”, Research in transportation economics, 34(1): 39-47.

Lundevaller, E. H., 2009, “The effect of travel cost on frequencies of shopping and recreational trips in Sweden”, Journal of Transport Geography, 17(3): 208-215.

McKelvey, R. D., and Zavoina, W., 1975, “A statistical model for the analysis of ordinal level dependent variables”, Journal of mathematical sociology, 4(1): 103-120.

National Development Council, 2020, Compendium of Population Projection Charts - 2020 Edition, https://www.ndc.gov.tw/Content_List.aspx?n=81ECE65E0F82773F, (January 1, 2021).

Papagiannakis, A., Baraklianos, I., and Spyridonidou, A., 2018, “Urban travel behaviour and household income in times of economic crisis: Challenges and perspectives for sustainable mobility”, Transport Policy, 65: 51-60.

Rodrı́guez, D. A., and Joo, J., 2004, “The relationship between non-motorized mode choice and the local physical environment”, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 9(2): 151-173.

Roorda, M. J., Páez, A., Morency, C., Mercado, R., and Farber, S., 2010, “Trip generation of vulnerable populations in three Canadian cities: a spatial ordered probit approach”, Transportation, 37(3): 525-548.

Scheiner, J., 2016, “School trips in Germany: Gendered escorting practices”, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 94: 76-92.

Schmöcker, J. D., Quddus, M. A., Noland, R. B., and Bell, M. G. H., 2005, “Estimating trip generation of elderly and disabled people: analysis of London data”, Transportation Research Record, 1924(1): 9-18.

Shiu, C. S., 2004, Comparing and Discussing of The Worker's Traveling Behavior in Taipei, Tainan and Kaohsiung Metropolis,Master’s thesis, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.

Statistics and Census Service (Macau), 2017, Employment Survey, Macau: Statistics and Census Service (Macau).

Statistics and Census Service (Macau), 2017, Macao Population Projections 2016–2036, Macau: Statistics and Census Service (Macau).

Stern, S., 1993, “A disaggregate discrete choice model of transportation demand by elderly and disabled people in rural Virginia”, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 27(4): 315-327.

Su, C. W., Lu, Y. C, Chang, C. W., and Chang, S. Y., 2011, A study of the Origin-Destination Characteristics of Trips to the Yilan Area via the Beiyi Transportation Corridor, Taipei: Institute of Transportation.

Su, F., and Bell, M. G. H., 2012, “Travel differences by gender for older people in London”, Research in transportation economics, 34(1): 35-38.

Tian, G., and Ewing, R., 2017, “A walk trip generation model for Portland, OR”, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 52: 340-353.

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